Jacobite Papers - the Stuart Papers held at Windsor Castle

Yesterday we added 5 volumes of the Calendar of Stuart Papers held in Windsor Castle and added them to MEMSO. The papers arise from the life of the titular King James III of England, VIII of Scotland, and were in the possession of both Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) and then his brother Henry, cardinal duke of York. In this way they came to be held in the Vatican before finally making it to England in two batches between 1806 and 1822.

The story of the manuscripts' travels is interesting in itself. They came to England in two parts. In 1804 the Prince Regent began the process of buying the manuscripts from the Procureur General of the English Benedictines in Rome. The process of bringing the first group of manuscripts to England, however, ran aground (almost literally) because of the intervention of the Napoleonic War, and the taking by the French of the Italian port of Civitavecchia.(MEMSOlink) A brig of war sent to pick up the manuscripts was rebuffed in July 1806, while the English Consul in Civitavecchia was thrown into a dungeon and threatened with execution unless he revealed everything he knew of English belongings in the city. They survived only because he had managed to hide them, and kept the secret despite the danger to himself. Eventually they were delivered onto a ship travelling to Tunis, then on one to Malta, finally ending the circuitous journey when they reached England in 1810.

The second collection of papers related to the brothers Charles Edward and the Cardinal Duke of York. These, after the death of the duke in 1807, lay in an 'open garret with unglazed windows exposed to rats and mice' for many years, and were considered to be bills and receipts of no value (MEMSOlink). They were discovered there by one 'Dr' James Watson. Described as a 'revolutionary and adventurer' in the Oxford DNB (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28862?docPos=4), he was a Jacobite, Jacobin, compulsive liar (he falsely claimed to have been a colonel in the American Revolutionary War) and failed businessman who would eventually die in poverty after strangling himself by twisting a poker repeatedly through his cravat. He bought the papers for the cost of scrap paper (170 scudi) in 1816, but, since he didn't actually have that sum on hand, turned to Lord Brougham, a conveniently rich Englishman who happened to be in Rome, and asked for a loan.

Brougham, clearly appreciating Watson's reliability, said he would advance the money only if the manuscripts became his. To close the deal, however, Brougham also sought to persuade Watson that the manuscripts were of no value, that the Prince Regent would destroy the most valuable ones 'viz all those that held up Royal Turpitude to public view' as soon as he got his hands on them, and that he was better to sell them to Brougham so that he could use them to embarrass royalty by publishing them in the Edinburgh Review. Watson balked at this - no doubt having a sense of their true value in England - and instead borrowed the money from James Smith, Watson's friend.

Certainly the papers were far more than bills and receipts, and Watson now began showing them to English notables in Italy, with a view to delivering them to the Prince Regent, no doubt in return for a rich reward. But now the papacy became involved. Realising that an error had been made by letting Watson have the papers, they were placed under guard and the sale declared void. Watson refused a refund of his money, apparently on the understanding that he would assist the cardinal now in possession of the papers with delivering them to the Prince Regent - and thereby still receive his profit. But the cardinal took offence at a letter that Watson has written, and although the prince did eventually send £500 to Italy for Watson's expenses, the cardinal refused to give it to him.

The story did end well for Watson, however, as between 1817 and 1822 he was paid over £3000 to discharge his claims about the papers, a fact that no doubt encouraged his pursuit of other manuscript collections of potential interest in England. Given the extent of Watson's past treasons against England, which included inviting English radicals to rise up in preparation for the Napoleonic invasion, it is perhaps surprising the the Prince Regent was willing to be so generous. Although Watson would die a pauper in London, he appears to have maintained his Jacobin sympathies to the last, and appointed an Italian revolutionary as his executor. (See Oxford DNB, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28862?docPos=4 for more on Watson's career.

(Image of the Old Pretender from Wikipedia Public Domain image.)

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